About one and a half decades ago, most electronic communication was carried out with the help of copper cables which were in the form of twisted pairs, coaxial cables or copper waveguides. Communication was achieved by sending electrical signals through the copper cable. In recent years, a new medium called optical fibers (OF) has been introduced. In OF communication, light signals are used instead of electrical signals.
An OF is a transparent rod usually made of glass or clear plastic through which light can propagate. The light signal travels through the rod from the transmitter to the receiver and can be easily detected at the receiving end of the rod. A modern fibre consists of an optical rod core coated with a cladding. The refractive index of the rod is higher than the refractive index of the cladding material in order to utilize the phenomenon of total internal reflection for the propagation of the light through the rod. The light used is coherent light and not the ordinary composite light.
All Clad Copper Core
Structure of OF
An optical thread essentially consists of a very thin fiber at its centre surrounded by cladding which is made of a material less density than the string material.
The threads are drawn from a furnace containing molten silica (SiO2) with small amounts of additives such as GeO2 to permit the control of refractive index.
Classification of Optical Threads
Optical threads can be classified into three groups according to the way light propagates down the fibre core.
1. Multimode step-index,
2. Single-mode step-index,
3. Multimode graded-index.
Plastic fibers (OF)
We must distinguish between plastic-clad and all plastic fibers. In the former, only the cladding is plastic, while in the latter, both the core and cladding are plastic. The characteristics of a plastic-clad string are similar to those of an all-glass thread except that the plastic-clad string is much more sensitive to abrasive damage.
OF Cable
A typical glass thread is about 100-205 micro-metre in diameter. It is brittle and highly susceptible to damage such as scratches. Since the size of the string is small, this damage increases losses. Hence, it is not advisable to use a bare optical string. It has to be protected. The amount of protection a string needs varies from one application to another. In simple applications, a thread protected by a thin buffer coating would be alright while a transoceanic-fiber would need considerable protection during transportation, installation and operation.
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All-Clad Copper Core 1-1/2-Quart Saucepan Feature
- Beautiful, classic, straight-sided, 1-1/2-quart saucepan
- Stainless-steel interior and exterior with elegant copper stripe
- Pure copper core for quick, even heating
- Long, comfortable, stay-cool handle riveted for strength
- Lifetime warranty against defects
All-Clad Copper Core 1-1/2-Quart Saucepan Overview
Up until now All-Clad's excellent heat conductivity has been a result of an aluminum core. Another metal equally efficient when it comes to conducting heat is copper. All-Clad now has a complete line of copper core stainless steel cookware which uses bonded 5-ply construction to achieve culinary perfection. The copper core is exposed in an attractive band around each piece, adding warmth, color, and authenticity. Unlike pans with an abundance of exposed copper, these pieces clean easily and are lined with durable food-safe stainless steel. The small saucepan is the tool of choice for making sauces, and gravies. It's also ideal for heating soup, boiling a couple of eggs and so on.All-Clad Copper Core 1-1/2-Quart Saucepan Specifications
The ultimate in beautiful, high-performance cookware, All-Clad's innovative Copper Core collection combines the unexcelled heat conductivity of copper with the easy maintenance of stainless steel. Crafted in a unique five-ply construction, the cookware contains a core of pure copper that spreads heat quickly and evenly across the bottoms of pots and pans and all the way up the sides. Aluminum layers bond the copper to a stainless-steel exterior and a stainless-steel interior. Enhancing the cookware's appearance, a stripe of the copper core elegantly encircles the gleaming, mirror-finish exterior. The interior is highly polished, so it's stick- as well as corrosion-resistant. Rolled edges on pots and pans help prevent drips during pouring and ensure tight-fitting lids.This beautiful, classic, straight-sided, 1-1/2-quart saucepan demonstrates why All-Clad's worldwide reputation is unsurpassed. Because the copper core extends up the sides, foods cook uniformly in the pan, even though it's 3-1/4 inches deep. And because the interior is nonreactive, acidic sauces won't taste metallic. Its polished 18/10 stainless-steel handle is riveted to the pan for strength, grooved on the top and rounded on the bottom for comfort, and holed in the end for hanging on a hook or peg. The long handle stays cool on the stovetop but won't be harmed by an oven's heat. Handwashing this pan will preserve its jewel-like beauty during its lifetime warranty against defects--and beyond. --Fred Brack
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